Concepts of Leadership

Great pioneers are made not conceived. In the event that you have the craving and self discipline, you can turn into a powerful pioneer. Great pioneers create through a ceaseless procedure of self-study, instruction, preparing, and experience (Jago, 1982). This guide will help you through that procedure. To rouse your laborers into more significant levels of collaboration, there are sure things you should be, know, and, do. These don't fall into place easily, however are obtained through nonstop work and study. Great pioneers are ceaselessly working and concentrating to improve their administration aptitudes; they are NOT laying on their laurels.Definitions of Leadership is a procedure by which an individual impacts others to achieve a target and coordinates the association such that makes it increasingly firm and intelligible. Another famous meaning of Leadership is a procedure whereby an individual impacts a gathering of people to accomplish a shared objective (Northouse's (2007, p 3). The U. S. military has considered administration top to bottom. One of their definitions is a procedure by which a warrior impacts others to achieve a strategic. S. Armed force, 1983).Note that each of the three definitions share one procedure for all intents and purpose †an individual impacts others to get something achieved Leaders complete this procedure by applying their authority information and abilities. This is called Process Leadership (Jago, 1982). In any case, we realize that we have characteristics that can impact our activities. This is called Trait Leadership (Jago, 1982), in that it was once normal to accept that pioneers were conceived instead of made.These two authority types are appeared in the outline underneath (Northouse, 2007, p5): Factors of Leadership There are four essential variables of administration (U. S. Armed force, 1983): Leader You should have a fair comprehension of what your identity is, the thing that you know, and what you can do. Like wise, note that it is the devotees, not the pioneer or another person who decides whether the pioneer is fruitful. On the off chance that they don't trust or need trust in their pioneer, at that point they will be deadened. To be effective you need to persuade your supporters, not yourself or your bosses, that you are deserving of being followed. Devotees Different individuals require various styles of administration. For instance, a recently recruited employee requires more management than an accomplished worker does.A individual who needs inspiration requires an unexpected methodology in comparison to one with a serious extent of inspiration. You should know your kin! The principal beginning stage is having a decent comprehension of human instinct, for example, needs, feelings, and inspiration. You should come to realize your representatives' be, know, and do traits. Correspondence You lead through two-way correspondence. Quite a bit of it is nonverbal. For example, when you †Å"set the example,† that conveys to your kin that you would not request that they perform whatever you would not do.What and how you impart either manufactures or damages the connection among you and your representatives. Circumstance All circumstances are unique. What you do in one circumstance won't generally work in another. You should utilize your judgment to choose the best game-plan and the administration style required for every circumstance. For instance, you may need to go up against a representative for improper conduct, however in the event that the showdown is past the point of no return or too soon, excessively unforgiving or excessively powerless, at that point the outcomes may demonstrate insufficient. Bass' Theory of LeadershipBass' hypothesis of authority expresses that there are three essential approaches to clarify how individuals become pioneers (Stogdill, 1989; Bass, 1990). The initial two clarify the authority improvement for few individuals, while the th ird one is the prevailing hypothesis today. These speculations are: Some character attributes may lead individuals normally into influential positions. This is the Trait Theory. An emergency or significant occasion may make an individual meet the challenge at hand, which brings out uncommon authority characteristics in a customary individual. This is the Great Events Theory. Individuals can decide to become leaders.People can learn initiative aptitudes. This is the Transformational or Process Leadership Theory. Today is the most generally acknowledged hypothesis and the reason on which this initiative guide is based. The executives versus Leadership While the board and administration share an incredible arrangement practically speaking, for example, working with individuals and achieving the objectives of the association, they do vary in their essential capacities (Kotter, 1990): Management's principle work is to deliver request and consistency through procedures, for example, arran ging, planning, sorting out, staffing, and issue solving.While authority's fundamental capacity is to create development and helpful or versatile change through procedures, for example, setting up heading through visioning, adjusting individuals, rousing, and moving. Chief or Leader? In spite of the fact that your situation as a director, chief, lead, and so on gives you the position to achieve certain errands and destinations in the association (called Assigned Leadership), this force doesn't make you a pioneer, it basically makes you aboss. Authority varies in that it makes the supporters need to accomplish significant standards (called Emergent Leadership), instead of essentially bossing individuals around (Rowe, 2007).Thus you get Assigned Leadership by your position and you show Emergent Leadership by affecting individuals to do incredible things. All out Leadership What makes an individual need to follow a pioneer? Individuals need to be guided by pioneers they regard and who have an away from of heading. To pick up regard, they should be moral. An ability to read a compass is accomplished by passing on a solid vision of things to come. At the point when individuals are choosing if they regard you as a pioneer, they don't consider your properties, rather, they see what you do with the goal that they can know who you truly are.They utilize this perception to tell in the event that you are a decent and confided in pioneer or a self-serving individual who abuses position to look great and get advanced. Then again, self-serving pioneers are not as compelling in light of the fact that their representatives just obey them, not tail them. They prevail in numerous regions since they present a decent picture to their seniors to the detriment of their laborers. The Two Most Important Keys to Effective Leadership According to an investigation by the Hay Group, a worldwide administration consultancy, there are 75 key segments of representative fulfillment (Lamb, McK ee, 2004).They found that: Trust and trust in top initiative was the absolute most solid indicator of worker fulfillment in an association. Viable correspondence by administration in three basic territories was the way to winning authoritative trust and certainty: 1. Helping workers comprehend the organization's general business system. 2. Helping representatives see how they add to accomplishing key business goals. 3. Offering data to workers on both how the organization is getting along and how a representative's own division is doing. Standards of LeadershipTo help you be, know, and do, follow these eleven standards of authority (U. S. Armed force, 1983). The remainder of the parts in this Leadership control develop these standards and give devices to actualizing them: 1. Know yourself and look for personal development †In request to know yourself, you need to comprehend your be, know, and do, properties. 2. Be in fact capable †As a pioneer, you should know your activit y and have a strong commonality with your representatives' assignments. 3. Look for obligation and assume liability for your activities †Search for approaches to control your association to new heights.And when things turn out badly, as they frequently will in general do eventually †don't accuse others. 4. Settle on sound and opportune choices †Use great critical thinking, dynamic, and arranging instruments. 5. Set the model †Be a decent good example for your workers. They should not just hear what they are required to do, yet in addition see. 6. Know your kin and post for their prosperity †Know human instinct and the significance of genuinely thinking about your laborers. 7. Keep your laborers educated †Know how to speak with them, yet in addition seniors and other key individuals. 8.Develop an awareness of other's expectations in your laborers †Help to grow great character attributes that will assist them with doing their expert duties. 9. Guaran tee that undertakings are comprehended, managed, and achieved †Communication is the way in to this obligation. 10. Train as a group †Although numerous alleged pioneers call their association, office, area, and so forth a group; they are not so much teams†¦ they are only a gathering of individuals carrying out their responsibilities. 11. Utilize the full abilities of your association †By building up a solidarity, you will have the option to utilize your association, office, area, etc.to its fullest capacities. Condition Every association has a specific workplace, which directs to an extensive degree how its pioneers react to issues and openings. This is achieved by its legacy of past pioneers and its current chiefs. Objectives, Values, and Concepts Leaders apply impact on nature by means of three sorts of activities: 1. The objectives and execution gauges they set up. 2. The qualities they build up for the association. 3. The business and individuals ideas they es tablish.Successful associations have pioneers who set elevated requirements and objectives over the whole range, for example, procedures, showcase authority, plans, gatherings and introductions, profitability, quality, and unwavering quality. Qualities mirror the worry the association has for its workers, clients, speculators, sellers, and encompassing network. These qualities characterize the way in how business will be led. Ideas characterize what items or administrations the association will offer and the techniques and procedures for directing business.These objectives, qualities, and ideas make up the association's character or how the association is seen by the two outcasts and insiders. This character characterizes the r

Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Russia - Essay Example The Prime Minister heads the administration, which the president selects however at the parliaments endorsement. The tricky utilization of democratization motivation in the post-Cold War world has evoked a reaction against the entire idea of the normal progress to majority rule government. Democratization is likewise being referred to here as the ground reality has provoked reexamining in light of the fact that a great part of the post-Soviet locale seems caught between tyrant past and a dim future. The specialists utilize the term of oversaw popular government for the Russian arrangement of government. The ascent of political tyranny or oversaw vote based system is an object of interest for the West. The geopolitical real factors, for example, Russian oil and gas holds ensure that these Western interests stay occupied with development of the Russian majority rule government. It is difficult to close whether Russia is as yet a vote based system or not. However, one thing is sure that it speaks to a one of a kind rendition of majority rules system which is impressively

Guest Lectures

Guest Lectures Once I was at a fancy banquet-type event, one of the ones where they have multiple courses. Well, the soup was yummy and the fish was good, and then they brought out dessert. And it was gorgeous. A beautiful, sparkling peach, a couple of berries, a needle-thin stick with a pale green flower attached it must have been made of something sweet, chocolate or sugar or something, but I never found out. It was too pretty and uncluttered to touch. Thats how I feel about the new MIT admissions website. I cant write a blog post! I cant mar this clean, polished page with my humble observations about the Institvte! And yet I have things I want to blog about, so here I am. But switching website designs also means switching back ends. I get to learn a whole new process for bringing my words to your web browser, and the best part is pictures are now super-easy to upload. You know what this means? Photos of kitties! This is Galileo, one of two new kittens on Third East. He and his brother were adopted by Kerry N., 14.  If you think thats cute, just imagine him falling asleep in your arms, his little belly moving up and down as he breathes (Photos by Greg Steinbrecher) Needless to say Ive been trying to spend every spare second sneaking off to Tetazoo to see the kitties. This hasnt always been possible though: my summer job as Awesome Diva for the Research Science Institute has been keeping me busy in the evenings. Every night this week has been spent in formal wear, hosting guest lecturers or college reps. Mondays lecture was by Dr. John Cohn, from IBM. As soon as he started speaking, I knew I had to work him into a blog post. Unfortunately, he beat me to it. He got a pretty good picture of me wearing his rainbow-LED-crown, which should give you an idea of what he talked about. Most lecturers come to RSI to talk about their work and their journey through the world of science; Dr. Cohn brought a quarter launcher and a light-up crown hed built himself. His message was about the importance and excitement of engineering careers; he told us about his lifes path, his involvement with Watson, IBMs programmed jeopardy contestant, and his stint on a TV reality show (Colony) building flamethrowers to fend of fictional post-apocalyptic bad guys. At one point he asked the group to raise their hands if they saw themselves as an engineer, and pitifully few did. I actually almost raised my hand, thinking he was talking about the MIT mascot. We are, we are, we are, we are, we are the engineers But Im definitely a mathematician, not an engineer: the last time I tried to build something (an ill-fated arch of cardboard boxes in the ESP office) it came toppling to the ground the minute I touched it. After his talk, we had our RSI international night, so students from different countries could tell us about their country. If Id had any doubt about the sheer awesomenees of Dr. Cohn, it was erased when he agreed to stay! However, hed gotten the message that we needed more engineering in our lives, so while the students got set up to dance, sing, and present their countries, he ran off to get supplies for more demos. He took over an intermission during international night to make a pickle glow, and use piezoelectonics to shoot wet paper towels across the room. What? Pojectiles in 6-120? Mr. Facilities man, I have no idea what youre talking about! By contrast, Wednesdays lecture was different in almost every way. Instead of 1 speaker, we must have had 20, from over 15 different colleges. Instead of 1 program, we had 3: two other summer programs joined us for RSI/MITES/WTP college night. I mention the college night in a blog that is by necessity biased towards MIT, because of what I was thinking during the presentations. I was timing all of the college reps to keep them under 3 minutes, but when I listened to what they said, I just felt more sure that I had made the right choice. Its not that they were bad speakers or they were saying bad things about their colleges. It was really easy for me to see the right person being happy there. But whether they emphasized things that I didnt feel were that important to me, or they highlighted things Id realized I didnt want in a college, I never got the wistful feeling of What would it have been like if Id gone there instead. I guess what Im trying to say is, if I had to go back and do it all over again, I wouldnt do anything differently. IHTFP. Then again, the MIT reps three-minute talk was the best by far, anyways. Matt McGann, of blogger-and-general-awesomeness fame, got up and in 3 minutes basically conveyed the contents of this blog post. Of course, there I am, thinking Thats so cool! I should totally blog about it! and completely forgetting that of course he would have beaten me to the punch. When we broke out into information tables, every other college brought info sheets and postcards. Apparently, even though the event was held at MIT, nobody could find any similar swag for the MIT table. Matt had a printout of a paper written at MIT, about developing an Invisibility Cloak, so we put that on the table. I cant tell you how many people came up as I was standing there and tried to take the first page, thinking it was a stack of information sheets, and I had to chase them down and get it back so other people could read it. For the rest of the night I talked myself hoarse answering questions about student life and academics, at least for the MITES and WTP kids who hadnt been putting up with me for 4 weeks already!

The Hardest Colleges to Get Into in 2019

Major Earthquake Zones Worldwide

Hcs/455 Health Care Policy; the Past and the Future Hiv Aid in Women Free Essays

HIV/AIDS in Women HCS/455 HIV/AIDS in Women HIV and AIDS medically known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are spreading within the United States among women and young girls at an astounding rate. It is imperative that women and girls comprehend the issues, data, and trends associated with living with these diagnoses. December 2010, one in four individuals living with a medical diagnosis of the HIV infection within the United States was women (CDC, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Hcs/455 Health Care Policy; the Past and the Future Hiv Aid in Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now The percentage of HIV cases in 1985 was at 8%, and rose to 25% by the end of 2010 (CDC, 2013) HIV/AIDS diagnosis in women represent over half of all adults living in the United States with one of these medical conditions (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Women The epidemic and rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS is continually growing within the United States and the impact it has on women is profound. The main source of transmission of HIV/AIDS in women is through heterosexual intercourse. According to the statistics from the Kaiser Family Foundation HIV/AIDS transmission has increased to 31% in 2005 from 3% in 1985 (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). Women between the ages of 13 to 19 are 50% more likely to acquire the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. The increased number of young women diagnosed with HIV has resulted in more women with the diagnosis of AIDS between the ages of 24 and 44. This means most women received her HIV diagnosis at a very young age (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). African American women with HIV/AIDS The numbers have increased at a very high rate in African American women diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. The diagnosis of HIV/AIDS elevated in women of African American decent dwelling in the United States (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated the year ending in 2010, that women of color diagnosed with HIV/AIDS decreased (CDC, 2013). There was a time that HIV infection was one of the prominent causes of demise among African American omen between the ages of 25 to 34 and third with African American woman aged 34 to 44 residing in the United States. . The African American women diagnosed in 2005 were 20 times more than White women (Rose, Sharpe, Raleigh, Reid, Foley, and Cleveland, 2008). The health care industry is attempting to obtain a solution to the increased incidents of HIV/AIDS in women of color as well as the lack of medical care. Policy Recommendations by the CDC to revamp guidel ines associated with HIV testing to promote this as a product of routine health care prevention (CDC, 2013). The CDC recommends that every woman receive routine HIV screenings no matter the age, and every pregnant woman within her third trimester (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). Signing the Affordable Care Act by President Obama affords HIV/AIDS patients to obtain early treatment and preventative care. Another positive attribute of the Affordable Care Act is that health insurance companies cannot deny care to patients for any pre-existing condition, so women will obtain treatment even though the condition is pre-existing (Sharp, Khaylis, Kamen, Lee Gore-Felton, 2010). Conclusion The women and young girls who live with HIV and AIDS (AIDS) spread at an astounding rate within the United States. It is imperative that women and girls understood the issues, data, and trends associated with living with those diagnoses. By December 2010, one in four individuals was living with a medical diagnosis of the HIV within the United States was women (CDC, 2013). The percentage of HIV cases in 1985 was at 8%, and rose to 25% by the end of 2010 (CDC, 2013) HIV/AIDS diagnosis in women represented over half of all adults living in the United States with one of these medical conditions (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). References CDC. (2013). Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Among Women http://www. cdc. gov/hiv/topics/women/ Kaiser Family Foundation. (2007). Women and HIV/AIDS in the United States. Retrieved from http://www. kaiseredu. org/Tutorials-and-Presentations/Women-and-HIV-in-the-US. aspx Rose, M. , Sharpe, T. , Raliegh, K. , Reid, L. , Foley, M. , Cleveland, J. (2008). An HIV/AIDS crisis among African American women: a summary for prevention and care in the 21st century. Journal of Women’s Health (15409996), 17(3), 321-324. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Sharp, S. , Khaylis, A. , Kamen, C. , Lee, S. , ; Gore-Felton, C. (2010). A Review of Psychosocial Factors that Facilitate HIV Infection among Women Living in Canada ; the United States: Implications for Public Health Policy. Women’s Health Urban Life, 9(2), 63-79. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. How to cite Hcs/455 Health Care Policy; the Past and the Future Hiv Aid in Women, Essay examples

Consumer Behaviuor free essay sample

This is because of cultural effect on Hinduism peoples and mostly they do not purchase beef from butcher shop. In this assignment, I have explained factors of conformity likely to be observed in consumer’s are- in social and cultural context, self- image, Perception, motivation, learning and attitude. Each case I have described separately in conformity factors part with given relevant examples. In cultural context, consumer’s choices change depends on culture and societal community. Self-image deals with prestige issue, lifestyle, designation and self confidence for purchasing products. Motivation is the force that compels the buyers to make purchase of particular motivational products. Motivation refers to the processes that cause buyers to conduct as they do. Perception is related to the selection of product on basic of its smell, sound, sights, and colours. Learning is the factor in which knowledge in advance of product takes place before buying objects. Positive and negative aspects of product determine the attitude of consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behaviuor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Product is useful or harmful compels the buyers to change their attitude. The need to understand buyers behaviour is to generate good dealing intellect if companies want to know their buyers requirements and as a contribution into the marketing strategy. Buyer’s reaction may frequently be the decisive test of whether or not a marketing strategy will be successful. Literature Review: Thomas J. Reynolds in their book â€Å"Understanding Consumer Making: The Means- End Approach to Marketing and Advertising Strategy† writes about why do marketers need to know about consumer decision making? Understanding customer’s judgment making requires watchful attention to the context in which the judgment occurs. Context can be understood at micro (immediate) and macro levels. All behaviors take place in some definite context, which contains the direct physical surroundings and the social environment (existence and power of other people, together with friends, family, and sales people). Specific behaviors are also predisposed by broader contextual fa ctors, such as ones financial situation, cultural pressures, and social responsibilities. Marketers should effort to know the most important contextual influences on the consumer. Understanding consumer choice making is a two-step process. First, the promotion problem of concern must be structured as a precise decision made by consumers. Second, executives need to know precisely how customers go about making that choice† (Thomas J. Reynolds et al, 2001). â€Å"At first look, this might appear annoying to the budding customer psychologist; the stimulus situation that impacts upon the buyer looks to be unmanageably multifaceted. However, it is essential to identify that the world in which customers behave is, in reality, tremendously compound, filled with continual commercials, attractive packaging, and confusing alternatives†[Brian Mullen et al, 1990] â€Å"The buyer propensity to observe consists of the direct observation of other customers, the not direct observation of other customers or both. Direct observation occurs by inspection the actual procure behaviour of other shoppers (e. g. McGrath and Otnes, 1995: Price et al. , 1989) and indirect observation involves the analysis of trace confirmation of shopping behaviour. For example, some travelers recognize good restaurants by the number of semi-trucks in the parking lot and customers unfamiliar with recent movie release may rent a movie based on the movie with the fewest remaining DVDs or tapes relation to the quantity displayed, believing that this trace evidence entails movie popularity. Likely all customers observe and consider others purchasing activities in their personal buying, but the extent of the behaviour likely varies by individual depending on various consumer traits and by context, such as is short of of knowledge. Very little research, however, has examined customers propensity to survey, even though researchers have studied reference groups from a range of perspectives, (i. e. Kivetz and Simonson, 2000)† [Penny M. Simpson et al, 2008]. â€Å"People are bombarded everyday with millions of advertisements, endorsements, and product proposals. All of these efforts to convince the personage to purchase a particular product because it will take some pleasure to their life. The task of the marketer is to set up a marketing strategy that will be victorious in this goal. Many of the ads on television and in magazines place highlighting on beautiful people and cool settings and connect them with the benefits that one product offers over a different. Many corporations pay out millions of dollars hiring marketing research firms to collect data and determine which method of persuasion works better to sell their products. One more approach to advertising may be to first decide an improved understanding of why definite processes are more successful in believing people to procure products. This understanding may furnish marketing researchers clearer approaching into what products will work with each influence technique† [Amanda E. Rusich, 2008] â€Å"Two concepts of innovations are operationalized and connected to the new product acceptance process. Multi-item scales intended to gauge buyer self-determining judgment making (i. e. , the level to which a person makes advance decisions separately of the communicated knowledge of others) and buyer novelty looking for (i. e. the wish to search for out new product information) are developed and experienced on adult customers. Tests of the hypothesized effects of these traits show that consumer novelty seeking is positively related to early stages of the adoption process (i. e. , actualized novelty seeking and new product awareness), whereas buyer self-governing judgment making is only associated with later stages of the adoption process (i. e. , new product trial)†[William O. Bearden et al, 1995]. Consumer Behaviour, Attitude and Propensity to Conform (Critically Description): According to the American Marketing Association, Consumer Behavior is defined as The dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behavior, and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives† [Sara Stumpf, 1998] As small changes in percentages of sell make almost a fair profit, that means small change in buyers behaviour changes more sale. Tools that help marketers become more adjusted to their buyers are relationship marketing and database marketing. Relationship marketing is helpful to connection between buyers and brands. â€Å"In the mid of -1990s Sheth and Parvatiyar directly linked relationship marketing to consumer behaviour. Critical to their argument explaining why consumer relationship is important to reducing choice. Innovation suppliers need to keep relationship with consumers to become success† (Isabelle Szmigin, 2003). Buyer’s relationships with products are because of self concept attachment, interdependence and love. In self concept attachment, the product helps to set up the user’s identity. In case of love, the product elicits bonds of warmth, passion, or other strong emotion. Positivist approach emphasises the lack of involvement of knowledge and the purchaser as a logical choice maker whereas Interpretivism stresses the subjective meaning of the buyers’ personal knowledge and the thought that any behaviour is subject to numerous interpretations rather than one single justification. [pic] (Source: from Laurel A. Hudson and Julie L. Ozanne, ‘Alternative Ways of Seeking Knowledge in Consumer Research’, Journal of Consumer Research 14 (March 1988): 508–21. Buyers attitude towards the Country-of-origin of products play vital role in customers product purchasing. The factors like social and cultural forces, product features, product price and many more related to product origin of country which changes the buyer’s attitude while purchasing a product. Best example is Sony Electronics products of made in Japan and made in China. Consumer†™s gives most preference to Japan electronics products compared to China produced Sony product. It’s because of buyers trust on quality of electronics products of ‘made in Japan’ The buyer’s process of decision making for products and services is as shown in Fig-1, it starts from any need of buyers, then customer starts to search information. After collecting information, he purchases as per his requirement considering all factors. Consumption of product and analysis after utilization takes place to get more conformity in next time purchasing. [pic] (Fig- 1, Consumer Decision Making Process, (Roger D. Backwell et al. , 2007, p 70)) Factors of Conformity: Different factors of conformity in buyers decision making process can better explained in contexts of social and cultural, self- image, motivation and learning. Let’s discuss all the factors in details. The Social and Cultural Context: Culture can be views as the shared memory of the social order (mutual implications, practices, norms and manners among members). The choice of consumption can’t be recognized except in view of the societal and cultural context in which they are grown up. Culture structures the prism through which individual’s analyse goods and seeks to create wisdom of their own and other people’s behaviour. A buyer’s culture decides the general right of ways she or he attaches to dissimilar actions and goods and the hit or stoppage of specific products and services. The boundaries that culture sets on behaviour are called norms, which are simply rules that specify or prohibit certain behaviours in specific situation. Norms are derived from cultural values or widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable. Violation of cultural norms results in sanctions or penalties ranging from mild soci al disapproval to banishment from the group† (Del I Hawkins et al. , 2007). Culture plays a vital role in society, celebrations, work and many more places to perform any particular task. Products sometime used in ritual behaviour, such as foods eaten on certain holidays( like hot dogs and apple pie on the fourth of July) or as part of special religious ceremonies ( such as a bar mitzvah or first communications). Occasionally, products become so much of a symbol in a society that they become icons† (Roger D. Backwell et al. , 2007). A ritual is a set of compound, representative behaviours, which take place in a fixed series and tend to be repeated at regular intervals. Rituals are associated to various expenditure actions, which take place in well-liked culture, e. g. acation observances, present giving and grooming. Rite of route is a particular type of ritual, which contains a alteration from one position to another. These routes classically involve the need to gain pro ducts and services called ritual artefacts. [pic] (Figure 2, Cultural Values gives rise to norms, Del I Hawkins et al, 2007) Social and cultural factors plays significant role in conformity of purchasing in buyers. Without considering cultural norms, purchasing process can’t proceeds which commonly observed in customers. Self- Image: Every person has unique life, rather than an ingredient of groups. A comparatively fresh idea that regards human and their connection to society. Admits the concept that the self is an object to be spoiled. â€Å"Consumer self- confidence is the degree to which a personage feels competent and guaranteed with respect to his or her marketplace choices and behaviours (Bearden et al, 2001). Customers with small self- confidence in their own capability to make pleasing procure decisions are likely to employ other resources, counting other customers, as additional supply of information† [Penny M. Simpson et al, 2008]. Every consumer takes decision of purchasing as per his image and lifestyle. To make themselves as making attraction and imagining the others reaction towards self. Reading of our identity by others and the image of own in others context shows conformity while purchasing. The levels of purchasing considering self image are individual level, group level, family level and community level. In individual self- image, thinks about personal belongings in self designation. Examples of individual self image are clothing, perfumes, car etc. In case of family level includes buyer’s house and its furnishing. In case of group level, connection to definite social groups can be considered as part of self and in case of community level consideration of the locality or township from where buyer belongs. The case of prestige issue plays important role while purchasing object. What other thinks about us and what should we purchase to keep my own self- image on higher level, this thing always peep into mind while purchasing. The good example of self- image is car purchasing. Everybody from middle or rich class person think his status of working and purchases car as per image, lifestyle, and purpose. A manager thinks that his own car must costly and should from higher car brands like Mercedes, BMW etc. Common person purchases car for family purpose and choose brand as per his confidence and image. Sexual identity i. e. whether buyer if male or female is a key part of a person’s self concept. People frequently conform to their culture’s prospects about how individuals of their gender should take step. â€Å"Each society generates a set of prospects concerning the behaviours appropriate for males and females and communicates these. Marketing has previously been defined by gentleman so is still subjugated by male standards. Woman tasks in social alters, such as the raise in females in the place of work has led to alter in the way women are considered by men, the mode they regard themselves, and the goods they decide to purchase. Male function in the ‘new man’ is authorized to be more compassionate and to have nearer relations with other men. The more responsive side of their nature is developing and becoming a matter for marketers. Morals of good looks for both men and women may contains physical characteristics as well as clothing ways, hairstyles, make-up, skin tenor, and body form†[ Michel R. Solomon, 2007]. The self images are in different forms, it may into private self, inner and outer, and community self forms. In self image, beliefs human grabs their attributes and analysis the qualities about what they want. Self esteem and real ideal selves are the altered components of self impression. Self esteem is nothing but the optimistically of a consumers self concept. Self esteem advertising tries to adjust manufactured goods approaches by inspiring positive views about the self. The idea of self image generates from the concept of how he or she would like to be with any purchased article. Depending on self prestige image in society, all consumers tries to buy as better for himself of herself so that nobody can spread tarnish on his positionality. The self image is really important factor while purchasing to make conformity of buying of high or low quality products depends on the economical situation and self image of persons. Motivation: â€Å"Motivation is energizing forces that activate behaviours. A motive is a construct representing an unobservable inner force that stimulate and compels consumer behaviour response and provide specific direction to that response† (Del I Hawkins et al. 2007, page 392). In case of motivation, it causes to human behaves as they do. Motivation takes place when a requirement is stimulated that the buyer desires to make happy. As the requirement once has been set in motion, a position of stress exists that constrained the buyer to attempt to remove or decrease the requirement. Understanding motivation is to recognize why customers act what they act. The best example of motivation as factor of conformity is the water purchasing by consumers for home and official use purpose. As we know that water gets from municipal agencies is not expensive. But consumers buys bottle water which is too much expensive than municipal water which gets in free. So what is reason behind it so that a consumer pays money for a thing which is available in free cost. This is because of three reasons and these are health, safety and status. â€Å"Perrier† is a lot advertised brand who used to deliver bulk water to home and offices in 5- gallon containers and which make half the market. To attract and to make conformity of buyers, marketers job is produce the goods and service which is useful for consumers to reduce the stress. The stress or tension is nothing but a difference between the buyer’s current position and some ideal position. The conflicts in motivations are consists of positively appreciated goals and staying away from negative goals. Positively appreciated goals is one in which buyers are motivated to move towards the goal and will look for out goods that will be influential in attaining it. Keeping away from negative goals is one more in which buyers are motivated to stay away from a negative result structuring their procures or utilization actions. â€Å"Fulfilling one need often comes at the expenses of another need. Money spent satisfying one need leaves less for the rest. The time allocated to one need means there’s less time for fulfilling others. This trade offs in our ability to satisfy various needs cause motivational conflicts† (Roger D. Backwell et al. , 2007). Motivational conflicts are divided in three types, i. e. approach- approach, approach- avoidance, and avoidance- avoidance. When buyers have to make decision in between two or more advantages options then approach-approach conflicts engages. The case in point for approach- approach conflict is trading between new equipment and taking sail. When buyers have to make decision between two or more undesirable options, then an avoidance- avoidance conflict engages. The case in point of avoidance- avoidance conflicts is choices between mowing the work area and clean-up the pool. Approach- avoidance conflicts engages when selected course of act has both optimistic and harmful consequences. The case in point of approach- avoidance is the cigarette smoking, in which smoking gives pleasure and on the other hand it is hazardous for health. â€Å"Other motivational approaches have focused on specific needs and their ramifications for behaviour. For example, individuals with high need for achievement strongly value personal accomplishment. They place a premium on products and services that signify success because these consumption items provide feedback about the realisation of their goals. These consumers are good prospects for products that provide evidence of their achievement. One study of working women found that those who were high in achievement motivation were more likely to choose clothing they considered business like, and less likely to be interested in apparel that accentuated their feminity†( Michel R. Solomon, 2007). Other needs related to consumer behaviour are classified in need for accomplishment, need for relationship, need for matchlessness and need for control. Henry Murray has described a set of twenty psychogenic wants that result in unambiguous behaviours. â€Å"One categorization of person motivation that has received visible notice in buyer psychology is Maslows hierarchy of needs. This approach supposes that person motivations are given in a hierarchy from lower stage needs to higher stage needs. These needs, correspondingly, are: physiological needs, security needs, love and care needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The lower level needs are considered first than higher needs. † [Brian Mullen et al, 1990]. The drawback of Maslow’s hierarchy of need is that it is cultural bound and it is not easy to accomplish the ultimate state in the hierarchy. Perception: Perception is the process by which physical feelings such as sights, noises, and odours are selected, controlled, and understood. Is the perception of consumer is to buy a particular product or not? Buyer’s perception decides the conformity of purchasing of any article. The following fig-3 shows the information processing model which consists of four main steps i. e. exposure, attention, interpretation and memory. The first three stages exposure, attention, and interpretation constitute perception. [pic] (Fig-3, Information Processing for Consumer Decision Making, Del I Hawkins et al, 2007, p-312) The steps of a perceptual method are Primitive categorization, cue check, confirmation check and confirmation completion. Primitive categorization is one in which the essential description of a stimulus are cut off. In case of cue check the features are evaluated in preparation for the choice of a plan. Confirmation check consists in which the plan is particular then last stage is confirmation completion in which a choice is made as to what the stimulus is. Consumers are frequently in a condition of sensory burden, uncovered to too much information and are not capable or unwilling to procedure all of the information at their clearance. Perceptual selectivity takes place when buyers attend to only a little segment of the stimuli that they are exposed to. Learning: â€Å"Learning is a change in behaviour that is caused by experience. Learning can occur through simple associations between a stimulus and a response or via a complex series of cognitive activities. Learning is an outgoing process. Our knowledge about the world is revised constantly as we are exposed to new stimuli, and as we receive ongoing feedback that allows us to modify our behaviour when we find ourselves in similar situations at a later time†( Michel R. Solomon, 2007). Learning is process of modifying own consumers thinking before start purchasing. â€Å"Learning is any change in the content or organization of long term memory or behaviour. Thus, learning is the result of information processing. Information processing may be conscious and deliberate in high involvement situations. Learning may occur in either a high involvement or low involvement situation† (Del I Hawkins et al, 2007). In high involvement learning, consumers are forced to procedure or learn a material. The best example of high involvement of learning is buying a laptop. [pic] (Fig-4, Learning, Source- Del I Hawkins et al, 2007) Learning process can be done by classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Cognitive learning happens as an outcome of inner mental processes. For example, observational learning occurs when a buyer performing an actions as an outcome of considering somebody else performing it and being rewarded for it. This perception outlooks people as difficulty solvers who vigorously use information from the world around them to master their surroundings. Attitude: Attitude is a tendency to evaluate an object optimistically or harmfully. Attitude has consist of three components and these are beliefs, affects, and behavioural intentions. An attitude is an enduring organization of motivational, emotional perceptual and cognitive process with respect to some aspects of our environment. It is learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable of unfavorable manner with respect to given object† (Del I Hawkins et al, 2007). Consumer’s attitudes itself decide about any object purchasing with consideration of positive and negative effect of products. Att itude give out four functions for persons and these are- awareness functions, utilitarian function, value expressing function and ego- defensive function. The ABC model, affect, behaviour and cognition emphasises the interrelationships between perceptive, emotion, and doing. By using cognitive consistency and cognitive dissonance, attitude theories can better understand. The conformity among consumer’s feelings, thoughts and behaviour can be better understood by Cognitive consistency theories, and are enthused to preserve consistency among these. In cognitive dissonance the buyers are tackled with circumstances where there is some disagreement between their attitudes and behaviours. In this way attitude of buyers plays vital role in conformity of purchasing of products. The example of attitude in consumers can explain with smoking and Marlboro cigarettes. As everybody know that cigarette smoking is dangerous for health and this caution always printed on cigarette packets, but men and women smokes without thinking its side effect. In advertisement, Marlboro shows to regular guys instead of professional models. American Cancer Society has started the fight against smoking to change the people’s attitude and to stop smoking. Simply, attitude of peoples indicates whether product should buy or not in terms of its use or harmfulness. Mood is very important factor of attitude. Conformity of purchasing depends on mood also. When mood is exciting then consumer doesn’t think too much for buying purpose and purchases products. â€Å"Attitude may also depend on feeling. A number of studies have found that people will evaluate products more favorable when they are in good mood than when they are not. Participant’s mood states are peripheral or irrelevant to the products and its performance. Feeling includes mood states, are far richer in nature than simply whether they are good or bad† (Roger D. Backwell et al. , 2007). Attitude makes consumer to make decision related to good or bad. And mood plays vital role in case of attitude. Conclusion: Different factors of conformity like societal and cultural factors, self- image, motivation etc determines the choice making while buying any articles. Cognitive psychology which deals with the thinking, perception and learning of persons plays vital role in conformity and the extent of decision making of any customers as per their own status. Depend upon area r region in which persons is growing up makes him or her ability of purchasing a products which is more popular in their respected area. Product which is fit in all respects like in attribution, personality, durability, colours, type of packing etc. are players of conformity of choosing for buyers. Industrialization is increasing rapidly and all companies are competing t o penetrate maximum market share and trying to grab as many as possible customer through their products. Marketing communication mix factors are very crucial to enable to get more information to customers and to make more conformity in their mind about products. https://prezi.com/mkitb1crltan/httpclearinghousemissouriwesternedumanuscripts11php/ http://emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/collections/index.htm http://lookahead.surfwax.com/examples/questia/

An analysis of the global warming phenomenon based on the first law of thermodynamics.

6 Unusual Online Certificate Programs

6 Unusual Online Certificate Programs So, you’re not interested in an online MBA. You’d prefer to lead a rally, write a memoir, or brew the perfect craft beer? Never fear. Several colleges offer online certificate programs that appeal less to sharp-suited business people and more to the garden-growing, media-sharing, beer-brewing types. Interested? Take a look at these unique distance education programs: The Business of Craft Brewing Online Certificate (Portland State University) Through this four-course series, â€Å"industry specialists† teach students everything they need to know to start up and run a successful craft brewery. Courses include â€Å"Basic Business for Craft Beverages,† â€Å"Craft Beverage Business Management,† â€Å"Strategic Craft Beverage Marketing,† and â€Å"Finance and Accounting for the Craft Brewery.† Students are also invited to fly out to Portland to take part in the optional â€Å"Craft Beverage Immersion Excursion,† spending three days meeting with brewery owners, tasting Portland beers, and touring the Oregon beer empire. Cheers. Certificate in Organic Agriculture (University of Washington) If you have a green thumb and a fondness for organic food, the University of Washington Certificate in Organic Agriculture might be for you. The college touts this 18-credit program as a good fit for â€Å"those wanting to pursue a career in organic agriculture, anyone interested in beginning a community supported agriculture (CSA) enterprise, [and] home gardeners.† As a student, you’ll take online courses such as â€Å"Organic Gardening and Farming,† â€Å"Agriculture, Environment, and Community,† and â€Å"Food Safety and Quality.†Ã‚   You’ll also be required to complete an internship, which can be done by volunteering through a local organic farm, organic certifying agency, or organic business. Sustainability Certificate (Harvard Extension School) If you want to promote a sustainability in your community or business, Harvard’s Sustainability Certificate provides instruction from world-class thinkers. Students in this program take five courses. â€Å"Knowledge Set† courses such as â€Å"Energy and the Environment,† â€Å"Strategies for Sustainability Management,† and â€Å"Sustainable Business and Technology,† provide students with a common foundation of understanding. â€Å"Skill Set† courses such as â€Å"Catalyzing Change: Sustainability Leadership for the Twenty-First Century† and â€Å"Introduction to Sustainable Buildings,† help students take action. It’s also important to note that, although this certificate is coming from an ivy-league school, it is an open-access program. Anyone can simply start taking courses towards certificate completion without the need to apply. New Urbanism Online Certificate (Miami School of Architecture) Those with a passion for cities community building may be interested in the New Urbanism Online Certificate. Students earning the certificate are prepared to take the Congress for New Urbanism accreditation exam. (Although you should also be aware that the exam can be taken without the certificate). The New Urbanism certificate is self-paced and takes students through the basics of creating walkable, sustainable places. Course units include: â€Å"A Crisis of Place and the Alternative of the New Urbanism,† â€Å"Ecology Built Legacy,† â€Å"Architecture, Local Culture, and Community Identity,† â€Å"Green Building and Historic Preservation,† and â€Å"Implementing New Urbanism.† Creative Nonfiction Writing Online Certificate (UCLA Extension Program) If you’re serious about writing that best-selling memoir, personal essay, or political history, take a look at this UCLA creative non-fiction program. You’ll focus most of your 36 credits on intensive creative non-fiction instruction. You’ll also have the opportunity to choose from electives in poetry, playwriting, and fiction. Best of all, students that complete the coursework are given a consultation with a UCLA Writer’s Program instructor, detailed notes, and an in-person or phone critique session. Certificate in Community Organizing (Empire State College) What would you like to see change in your community? If you have a quick answer to that question but don’t know how to make it happen, consider earning a Certificate in Community Organizing. Empire State’s program arms students with knowledge about justice, power dynamics, and navigating government environments. It aims to help learners develop a skill set that can be applied to create lasting change in their communities. This 12-credit program includes courses such as â€Å"Advocacy in State and Community-Level Government,† â€Å"Race, Gender, and Class in U.S. Public Policy,† and â€Å"Human Service Policy.† To complete the certificate, students are required to apply their learning by working with real communities while taking the capstone â€Å"Community Organizing† course. Free Learning Alternatives If youd rather not jump into a major time commitment and write a big check just yet, take a look at these less formal free online classes. Youll find options for a wide array of subjects including photography, guitar, and writing.

Discussion Questions Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion Questions Week 3 - Essay Example It also provides training resources for programmers looking to learn the Java language. Sun’s community approach to Java is one of the platform’s greatest strengths. Out of the several labels associated with Java, â€Å"Write one and run anywhere† is by far the most popular. When a Java program is compiled, it does not use operating specific code. It uses â€Å"bytecodes.† All Java applications run inside a Java Virtual Machine. You can create an Java application on a Windows Vista machine that will run equally well on a Linux, Windows 95 or Mac machine. Developers design for Java and not for an operating system. This makes Java very flexible when compared to other programming languages. Variations of the Java Virtual Machine will run equally well on cell phones, PDA and other small electronic devices. In comparison with other languages, Java applications typically used less code. Some Java applications run slower than OS specific programs. This is a small price for operating system independence. Advances within Java’s virtual machine and compiling are closing the speed gap. Java is one of the most secure programming languages within the industry today. (Riske, 2004) Java applications must receive permission to uses computer resources. The very nature of the language prevents events like â€Å"buffer overloads† which are a weakness within C+. Byte security is one of Java’s core defenses against malicious code. Whenever a Java applet wants to run, it is inspected. Byte security verifies that it is a compiled Java program and not a virus or spyware program. Personal Digital Assistants offer several advantages to businesses. The meat processing industry can save money in energy management and heat and cold management and monitoring. (Lovatt, 1999) Meat Plant Energy Modeler, MIHeat, Lamb Freezer MBC are software packages designed to run originally on at best a IBM compatible Pentium I. Java versions of

Research Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Proposal - Coursework Example The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) is the legislative solution to the ethical scandals, such as Enron, Tyco, Qwest, Global Crossing, and WorldCom, involving accounting irregularities and fraud (Stephan, 2007). This Act implements extensive changes to public accounting and corporate laws, and also expands corporate governance extending the responsibilities of senior executives and board members. SOX has changed the current business environment. In the past business ethics was viewed as important (Bies & Forte, 2010). Now, business ethics is mandatory, but where is the map for business managers to follow? SOX mandates ongoing comprehensive ethics programs, but does not give clear exact criteria, leaving the responsibility of education and training employees in ethics up to the organization (Stephan, 2007). In order to provide all stakeholders in corporate America assurance around ethical behavior, further research is needed. The foundation of this dissertation is Kohlberg's Cognitive Moral Development theory, which will be used to determine whether age, gender, and education influence an individual's ethical decision-making capability. This study will compare the moral value of finance and accounting professionals who had ethical training with finance and accounting professionals who have not had ethical training, based on gender, age and education level. Brief Literature Review Finance and accounting professionals must resolve financial problems with the highest of ethical standards. Both finance professionals and accountants have developed codes or standards for guidance in performing their fiscal duties. The National Commission on Fraudulent Reporting concluded that written codes are important for communicating expectations and that more corporations should adopt a code of conduct (Rich, Smith, & Mihalek, 1990). However, Rich et al. conducted a study of selected respondents from the National Association of Accountants' database. Rich et al. found that for th e performance measure net income, there was pressure on the respondents to achieve a targeted net income, and the pressure was greater in companies with a formal code. For a second performance measure, return on investment (ROI), there was pressure to achieve a specific ROI in those companies with a formal code. Since there was no evidence that a written code of conduct helps an individual resolve ethical dilemmas, the authors suggested companies focus on creating an ethical environment. The inability of a code of conduct to solve ethical behavior problems is evident in the investment profession, specifically regarding insider trading violations. In a study using members of the Financial Executives Institutes, it was found "ethics in the securities markets" is of the greatest concern (Veit & Murphy, 1996). Verschoor (2004) reported that Enron and the scandals which followed were a failure of ethical behavior and not of inadequate laws and regulations. He emphasizes moral behavior ca n not be legislated. Corporate leaders should have a record of building a culture for doing the right thing (Verschoor, 2004). Senior leadership set the ethical standards that management will follow. When there is no clear guideline, individual judgment based on personal moral and personal ethical codes are used (Smith & Bain, 1990). The research of Sims and Keon (1999, 2000) support the conclusion that perceived organizational

Language And Social Skills in Child Development

Language And Social Skills in Child Development Play is the most important part of the childs development. Play allows the children to enhance their physical development, psychosocial development and cognitive development. Most parents see cartoons with their children as a way to help their child learn. I have watched many childrens television programs like blues clues, the go show, and Dora the explorer, to understand how these television programs help in children and babys development. I chose the Dora the explorer cartoon show to enhance my understanding about the child development. Dora the explorer is an animated childrens television show. Dora the explorer show programmed to engage preschooler activities in a play-along, computer-style adventure. Dora the explorer is an example of physical development. Physical development focuses on the physical growth and the development of both gross motor skills (e.g. Walking, jumping) and fine motor skills (e.g. Finger movements, eye coordination) control over the body. Dora the explore r on-screen character talking with the child encourages the child to take part, label objects, songs and dance actions allow for movements with control and coordination. Dora the explorer animated also influences the cognitive development theory, cognitive theory is a change and stability in mental ability such as learning, thinking, and memory. The Dora the Explorer allows the children to think of a way to get out and to get to their destination, so this helps children gaining knowledge and solving problems in daily life, which enhances their memory capability. Television provides the children with a valuable tool at home for great learning. Another theory is influences psychosocial development by Erik Erikson to get through the idea of personality. Watching and learning from on screen shows allow children to gain knowledge of social learning; this enhances their self-esteem, learning about the culture and society and teaches them how to interact with people. Cartoons also use exp ressions that allow children to copy and apply in daily life. Learning new expressions from play allows children how and when to show the emotions. These allow the children to encourage self-awareness about the world around them. The play is very essential for child development. Reading books to young children is the best way to promote language development and language skills like speaking, reading, and listening. Book reading is good for a childs development to gain imagination. Reading books to children at home can encourage their reading skills. Books should have something like shapes, short stories, pictures, bright colors that children will find interesting, enjoyable, and fun. This will help develop a sense of reader appreciation. When children have books in their home, they are more likely to sit down and read them. Parents can and should encourage an appreciation for reading (Elrod, n.d). When reading a book to children the reader needs to keep few things in mind for best results. The books you choose for the children need to be short and simple, attractive, use appropriate language, speak clearly, slowly, and use the expression, as some children learn verbally and some non- verbally. Reading books to children that influence the social learning theo ry by Alberts bandura. In social learning theory Albert Bandura (1977) states behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning. Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways (McLeod, 2011). Children learn many different ways; some learn quickly by visibly, for example, books that got colors, picture, and shapes with it and some learn verbally, for example- imitating the expression and words. Using various techniques to enhance language development, tunes of the voice and getting them to turn the page that influences the theory of positive reinforcement. If imitated behaviors and consequence are satisfying so the child is likely to perform behaviors. If parents are encouraging and giving them positive feedback, then the behavior is likely to repeat as it provides the child with strengths. Simply using the booking reading tools at home helps them learn. Children are very sensitive. We need to handle them with care. So far, the information I have gained through the education of play and language development of babies, and children provided me with a greater understanding that could influence my future practice as a health professional. Skills that I have gained from the knowledge of reading books to children are to create an environment that allows children to understand their personality, which will help children to be more interactive. As a health professional, I build a warm and open environment for children to feel secure. In order to achieve my nursing practice, I need to use or put the techniques in my practice, and they are distractions, communication, and education. Have a conversation with children for example- about their favourite show, asking questions with slow pace and allowing them to answer and educating them for being healthy. This will enhance their understanding while mine. The use of distraction techniques in my p ractice can enable me to complete a difficult task with children like taking medicine; I can get the child to act like a super hero and be strong and asking them to stand straight like a strong soldier. These skills can help me to build a trust and a relationship when I am working or handling kids. Building a relationship creates an environment where children feel secure take risks. In my conclusion, play is a cherished part of childhood that offers children important developmental benefits and parents the opportunity to engage fully with their children. Thus Influences children and babies physical development, cognitive development and psychosocial development. Play allows children to learn new things and to understand the world around them. Reading books is another important aspect to enhance their development. Reading books to children will help children gain language skills. I have gained many skills that can be relevant or may influence my nursing practice as a health professional .The knowledge of children and babies about their play and book reading. I learned many techniques that will make my nursing practice easier when I have to assess children and babies. Distractions, communicating techniques are helpful in nursing practice. Communicating with children about their favorite shows and asking them questions. Thus, all knowledge I have gotten of the play and book helpful.

Anomie: Sociology and People

Anomie describes a lack of social norms; â€Å"normlessness†. It describes the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and their community, if under unruly scenarios possibly resulting in fragmentation of social identity and rejection of self-regulatory values. It was popularized by French sociologist Emile Durkheim in his influential book Suicide (1897). Durkheim borrowed the word from French philosopher Jean-Marie Guyau. Durkheim never uses the term normlessness; rather, he describes anomie as â€Å"a rule that is a lack of rule†, â€Å"derangement†, and â€Å"an insatiable will†.For Durkheim, anomie arises more generally from a mismatch between personal or group standards and wider social standards, or from the lack of a social ethic, which produces moral deregulation and an absence of legitimate aspirations. This is a nurtured condition: Anomie in common parlance is thought to mean something like â€Å"at loose ends†. The Oxford English Dictionary lists a range of definitions, beginning with a disregard of divine law, through the 19th and 20th century sociological terms meaning an absence of accepted social standards or values.Most sociologists associate the term with Durkheim, who used the concept to speak of the ways in which an individual's actions are matched, or integrated, with a system of social norms and practices †¦ Durkheim also formally posited anomie as a mismatch, not simply as the absence of norms. Thus, a society with too much rigidity and little individual discretion could also produce a kind of anomie, a mismatch between individual circumstances and larger social mores. Thus, fatalistic suicide arises when a person is too rule-governed, when there is †¦ no free horizon of expectation. Durkheim attempts to explain the function of the division of labor, and makes the observation that it creates social cohesion. The industrial revolution, of course, produced great tension and turmoil, and Du rkheim recognized this. He resolved the contradiction by developing the notion of anomie. Anomie is usually translated as normlessness, but it best understood as insufficient normative regulation. During periods of rapid social change, individuals sometimes experience alienation from group goals and values. They lose sight of their shared interests based on mutual dependence. In this condition, they are less constrained by group norms.Normative values become generalized, rather than personally embraced. The Sociological Imagination (1959), which is considered Mills' most influential book on the sociology profession, describes a mindset for studying sociology — the sociological imagination — that stresses being able to connect individual experiences and societal relationships. Mills asserts that a critical task for social scientists is to â€Å"translate private troubles into public issues,† which is something that it is very difficult for ordinary citizens to do . Sociologists, then, rightly connect their autobiographical, personal challenges to social institutions.Social scientists should then connect those institutions to social structure(s) and locate them within a historical narrative. The three components that form the sociological imagination are: History: how a society came to be and how it is changing and how history is being made in it Biography: the nature of â€Å"human nature† in a society; what kinds of people inhabit a particular society Social Structure: how the various institutional orders in a society operate, which ones are dominant, how they are held together, how they might be changing, etc. The Promise Of Sociology C.Wright Mills  · Men now days often feel that their lives are a series of traps. They feel in their worlds they can’t overcome their troubles. According to Mills this is correct.  · You cannot understand the life of an individual or the history of society without understanding both.  · Pe ople do not see how the changes in history affect them. The do not see how the ups and downs they experience in their lives are affected by their society.  · People do not see the connection that exists between the patterns in their lives and the course of history. People need a quality of mind to use information to develop reason to make connections between what is going on in the world and what is happening to themselves. He calls this the Sociological Imagination.  · Sociological Imagination allows us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. That is both its task and its promise. This is the purpose of classical social analysts.  · The most important distinction is between the issues and the troubles. Issues- have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the range of his inner life.  · Troubles- occur within the character of the individual and within his range of his immediate relations with o thers. It has to do with his self and with those areas of social life in which he is directly and personally aware.  · The sociological imagination is supposed to help man to understand that what is happening to themselves is a result of intersections of history and biography within their society.Class consciousness is a term used in social sciences and political theory, particularly Marxism, to refer to the beliefs that a person holds regarding one's social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their class interests. Defining a person's social class can be a determinant for his awareness of it. Marxists define classes on the basis of their relation to the means of production – especially on whether they own capital. Non-Marxist social scientists distinguish various social strata on the basis of income, occupation, or status.Early in the nineteenth century, the labels â€Å"working classes† and â€Å"middle classes† were already coming into common usage. â€Å"The old hereditary aristocracy, reinforced by the new gentry who owed their success to commerce, industry, and the professions, evolved into an â€Å"upper class†. Its consciousness was formed in part by public schools (in the British sense) and Universities. The upper class tenaciously maintained control over the political system, depriving not only the working classes but the middle classes of a voice in the political process. Solidarity is the integration, and degree and type of integration, shown by a society or group with people and their neighbors. It refers to the ties in a society that bind people to one another. The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences. What forms the basis of solidarity varies between societies. In simple societies it may be mainly based around kinship and shared values. In more complex societies there are various theories as to what contributes to a sense of social solidarity.Accordi ng to Emile Durkheim, the types of social solidarity correlate with types of society. Durkheim introduced the terms â€Å"mechanical† and â€Å"organic solidarity† as part of his theory of the development of societies in The Division of Labor in Society (1893). In a society exhibiting mechanical solidarity, its cohesion and integration comes from the homogeneity of individuals—people feel connected through similar work, educational and religious training, and lifestyle. Mechanical solidarity normally operates in â€Å"traditional† and small scale societies. In simpler societies (e. g. tribal), solidarity is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks. Organic solidarity comes from the interdependence that arises from specialization of work and the complementarities between people—a development which occurs in â€Å"modern† and â€Å"industrial† societies. Definition: it is social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals h ave on each other in more advanced societies. Although individuals perform different tasks and often have different values and interest, the order and very solidarity of society depends on their reliance on each other to perform their specified tasks.Organic here is referring to the interdependence of the component parts. Thus, social solidarity is maintained in more complex societies through the interdependence of its component parts (e. g. , farmers produce the food to feed the factory workers who produce the tractors that allow the farmer to produce the food) mechanical and organic solidarity, in the theory of the French social scientist Emile Durkheim (1858–1917), the social cohesiveness of small, undifferentiated societies (mechanical) and of societies differentiated by a relatively complex division of labour (organic).Mechanical solidarity is the social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs. These common values and beliefs constitute a à ¢â‚¬Å"collective conscience† that works internally in individual members to cause them to cooperate. Because, in Durkheim’s view, the forces causing members of society to cooperate were much like the internal energies causing the molecules to cohere in a solid, he drew upon the terminology of physical science in coining the term mechanical solidarity.In contrast to mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity is social integration that arises out of the need of individuals for one another’s services. In a society characterized by organic solidarity, there is relatively greater division of labour, with individuals functioning much like the interdependent but differentiated organs of a living body. Society relies less on imposing uniform rules on everyone and more on regulating the relations between different groups and persons, often through the greater use of contracts and laws. Durkheim dentified two major types of social integration, mechanical and organic. The fo rmer refers to integration that is based on shared beliefs and sentiments, while the latter refers to integration that results from specialization and interdependence. These types reflect different ways that societies organized themselves. Where there is little differentiation in the kinds of labor that individuals engage in, integration based on common beliefs is to be found; in societies where work is highly differentiated, solidarity is the consequence of mutual dependence.The distinction reveals Durkheim's thinking about how modern societies differ from earlier ones, and consequently, how solidarity changes as a society becomes more complex. Societies of mechanical solidarity tend to be relatively small and organized around kinship affiliations. Social relations are regulated by the shared system of beliefs, what Durkheim called the common conscience. Violations of social norms were taken as a direct threat to the shared identity, and so, reactions to deviance tended to emphasiz e punishment. As a society becomes larger, division of labor increases.A complex organization of labor is necessary, in larger societies, for the production of material life (as Marx suggested). Because people begin to specialize, the basis for the collective conscience is diminished. Solidarity based on the common belief system is no longer possible. Complexity does not lead to disintegration, Durkheim argued, but rather, to social solidarity based on interdependence. Since people are no longer producing all the things that they need, they must interact. Integration results from a recognition that each needs the other. Societies of organic solidarity are arranged around economic and political organizations.Their legal systems regulate behavior based on principles of exchange and restitution, rather than punishment. Manifest and latent functions are social scientific concepts of sociology by Robert K. Merton. Merton appeared interested in sharpening the conceptual tools to be employ ed in a functional analysis. Manifest functions and dysfunctions are conscious and deliberate, the latent ones the unconscious and unintended. While functions are intended (manifest) or unintended (latent), and have a positive effect on society, dysfunctions are unintended or unrecognized (latent) and have a negative effect on society.Manifest functions are the consequences that people observe or expect. It is explicitly stated and understood by the participants in the relevant action. The manifest function of a rain dance, used as an example by Merton in his 1967 Social Theory and Social Structure, is to produce rain, and this outcome is intended and desired by people participating in the ritual. Latent functions are those that are neither recognized nor intended. A latent function of a behavior is not explicitly stated, recognized, or intended by the people involved. Thus, they are identified observers.In the example of rain ceremony, the latent function reinforces the group ident ity by providing a regular opportunity for the members of a group to meet and engage in a common activity. Ideal type (German: Idealtypus), also known as pure type, is a typological term most closely associated with antipositivist sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920). For Weber, the conduct of social science depends upon the construction of hypothetical concepts in the abstract. The â€Å"ideal type† is therefore a subjective element in social theory and research; one of many subjective elements which necessarily distinguish sociology from natural science.An ideal type is formed from characteristics and elements of the given phenomena, but it is not meant to correspond to all of the characteristics of any one particular case. It is not meant to refer to perfect things, moral ideals nor to statistical averages but rather to stress certain elements common to most cases of the given phenomena. It is also important to pay attention that in using the word â€Å"ideal† M ax Weber refers to the world of ideas (German: Gedankenbilder â€Å"thoughtful pictures†) and not to perfection; these â€Å"ideal types† are idea-constructs that help put the chaos of social reality in order.Weber himself wrote: â€Å"An ideal type is formed by the one-sided accentuation of one or more points of view and by the synthesis of a great many diffuse, discrete, more or less present and occasionally absent concrete individual phenomena, which are arranged according to those onesidedly emphasized viewpoints into a unified analytical construct†¦ † It is a useful tool for comparative sociology in analyzing social or economic phenomena, having advantages over a very general, abstract idea and a specific historical example.It can be used to analyze both a general, suprahistorical phenomenon (like capitalism) or historically unique occurrences (like Weber's own Protestant Ethics analysis). Weber's three kinds of ideal types are distinguished by their l evels of abstraction. First are the ideal types rooted in historical particularities, such as the â€Å"western city,† â€Å"the Protestant Ethic,† or â€Å"modern capitalism,† which refer to phenomena that appear only in specific historical periods and in particular cultural areas.A second kind involves abstract elements of social reality–such concepts as â€Å"bureaucracy† or â€Å"feudalism†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthat may be found in a variety of historical and cultural contexts. Finally, there is a third kind of ideal type, which Raymond Aron calls â€Å"rationalizing reconstructions of a particular kind of behavior. † According to Weber, all propositions in economic theory, for example, fall into this category. They all refer to the ways in which men would behave were they actuated by purely economic motives, were they purely economic men. Verstehen (German pronunciation: [f te ]), in the context of German philosophy and social sciences in gene ral, has been used since the late 19th century – in English as in German – with the particular sense of the â€Å"interpretive or participatory† examination of social phenomena. The term is closely associated with the work of the German sociologist, Max Weber, whose antipositivism established an alternative to prior sociological positivism and economic determinism, rooted in the analysis of social action. In anthropology, Verstehen has come to mean a systematic interpretive process in which an outside observer of a culture attempts to relate to it and understand others.Verstehen is now seen as a concept and a method central to a rejection of positivistic social science (although Weber appeared to think that the two could be united). Verstehen refers to understanding the meaning of action from the actor's point of view. It is entering into the shoes of the other, and adopting this research stance requires treating the actor as a subject, rather than an object of your observations. It also implies that unlike objects in the natural world human actors are not simply the product of the pulls and pushes of external forces.Individuals are seen to create the world by organizing their own understanding of it and giving it meaning. To do research on actors without taking into account the meanings they attribute to their actions or environment is to treat them like objects. Interpretative Sociology (verstehende Soziologie) is the study of society that concentrates on the meanings people associate to their social world. Interpretative society strives to show that reality is constructed by people themselves in their daily lives. There is also a tendency in modern English not to follow the German-language practice of capitalizing nouns.Verstehen roughly translates to â€Å"meaningful understanding† or putting yourself in the shoes of others to see things from their perspective. Interpretive sociology differs from scientific (or positivist) socio logy in three ways: Interpretive sociology deals with the meaning attached to behavior, unlike scientific sociology which focuses on action. Interpretive sociology sees reality as being constructed by people, unlike scientific sociology which sees an objective reality â€Å"out there†. Interpretive sociology relies on qualitative data, unlike scientific sociology which tends to make use of quantitative data.Functional Integration This refers to the interdependence among parts of a social system. Just as the human body is made up of interrelated parts each of which plays a role in maintaining the whole, so social systems are composed of interconnected parts that both support and depend on one another. Each part has contributions to make if the sum is to work well. These contributions are its functions – that is, functions are the effects that some social groups, event, or institution has within a system of relationships to other phenomena.Functionally integrated systems can also produce dysfunctions, or side-effects that are not good for the system. Pollution is a dysfunctional consequence of our industrial system. Social Systems can also disintegrate. Like the old Soviet Union. Functional integration refers to the integration of values with systems of action and it therefore involves priorities and allocations of diverse value component among proper occasion and relationshipsAs an institution changes, the others react to that change and compensate for it, thereby changing themselves in the process. But all the parts remain integrated into the single unit.Rational choice theory argues that social systems are organized in ways that structure the alternatives and consequences facing individuals so that they behave rationally. This allows them to best serve their self-interest within the constraints and resources that go with social systems and their status in them. Rational choice theory is the view that people behave as they do because they believe that performing their chosen actions has more benefits than costs. That is, people make rational choices based on their goals, and those choices govern their behavior. Some sociologists use rational choice theory to explain social change.According to them, social change occurs because individuals have made rational choices. For example, suppose many people begin to conserve more energy, lowering thermostats and driving less. An explanation for this social change is that individual people have decided that conserving energy will help them achieve their goals (for example, save money and live more healthfully) and cause little inconvenience. Critics argue people do not always act on the basis of cost-benefit analyses. Culture This is the language, norms, values, beliefs, knowledge, and symbols that make up a way of life.It is the understanding of how to act that people share with one another in any stable, self-reproducing group. Participation in a culture makes possible a meaningful understanding of one's own actions and those of others. Without culture it would be hard to communicate. When one culture is particularly distinct and set apart from the rest it is called a subculture. Individuals may participate in more than one subculture. No one is ever cultureless, however, for sharing in some culture or combination of cultures is an essential part of what we think of as humans.Norms are the agreed-upon expectations and rules by which a culture guides the behavior of its members in any given situation. Of course, norms vary widely across cultural groups. Folkways, sometimes known as â€Å"conventions† or â€Å"customs,† are standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant. Mores are norms of morality. Breaking mores will offend most people of a culture. Finally, laws are a formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state. Social norms  are group-held beliefs about how members should behav e in a given context.Sociologists  describe norms as laws that govern society’s behaviors. Folkways are often referred to as â€Å"customs. † They are standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant. They are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience. Breaking a folkway does not usually have serious consequences. Mores are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on definitions of right and wrong. Unlike folkways, mores are morally significant. People feel strongly about them and violating them typically results in disapproval.A law is a norm that is written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency. A culture's values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. Sociologists disagree, however, on how to conceptualize values. Conflict theory focuses on how values differ between groups within a culture, while functionalism focuses on the shared values within a culture. For example, American sociologist Robert K. Merton suggested that the most important values in American society are wealth, success, power, and prestige, but that everyone does not have an equal opportunity to attain these values.Functional sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that Americans share the common value of the â€Å"American work ethic,† which encourages hard work. Other sociologists have proposed a common core of American values, including accomplishment, material success, problem-solving, reliance on science and technology, democracy, patriotism, charity, freedom, equality and justice, individualism, responsibility, and accountability. A culture, though, may harbor conflicting values. For instance, the value of material success may conflict with the value of charity. Or the value of equality may conflict with the value of individualism.Such contradictions may exist due to an inconsistency between people's actions and their profess ed values, which explains why sociologists must carefully distinguish between what people do and what they say. Joan Jacobs Brumberg is a social historian and academic. She lectures and writes about the experiences of adolescents through history until the present day. In the subject area of Gender Studies, she has written about boys and violence, and girls and body image. Brumberg says that adolescence and childhood have been made more difficult for women due to the much earlier age of menarche than in the past.The average age at menstruation has dropped from 16 in 1890, to 12 while psychological development, she believes, has not accelerated. Also, consumer culture has added to people's insecurities about their bodies. It is now normal and fashionable for girls to dress in a sexualized way. Jean Kilbourne, Ed. D. (born January 4, 1943) is a feminist author, speaker, and filmmaker who is internationally recognized for her work on the image of women in advertising and her critical st udies of alcohol and tobacco advertising.She is also credited with introducing the idea of educating about media literacy as a way to prevent problems she viewed as originating from mass media advertising campaigns. These include the concepts of the tyranny of the beauty ideal, the connection between the objectification of women and violence, the themes of liberation and weight control exploited in tobacco advertising aimed at women, the targeting of alcoholics by the alcohol industry, addiction as a love affair, and many others.Hyperreality is generally defined as a condition in which what is real and what is fiction are blended together so that there is no clear distinction between where one ends and the other begins. It is a postmodern philosophy that deals in part with semiotics, or the study of the signs that surround people in everyday life and what they actually mean. Hyperreality is a way of characterizing what our consciousness defines as â€Å"real† in a world where a multitude of media can radically shape and filter an original event or experience.Hyperreality is exploited in advertising for almost everything, using a pseudo-world to enable people to be the characters they wish to be. Advertising sells the public through strong, desirable images, and many consumers buy into the brand's point of view and products. If the consumer wants to be seen as a sex icon, he or she should buy the most expensive jeans as worn or designed by his or her favorite celebrity. Although the clothing itself has limited actual value, they symbolize a state of being that some consumers want.Every time a person enters a large shopping area with a certain theme, he or she may be entering a hyperreal world. Theme parks such as Disneyworld or the casinos in Las Vegas are hyperrealities in which a person can get lost for as long as his or her money lasts. There is no reality in these places, only a construct that is designed to represent reality, allowing the person to exist temporarily in a world outside of what is real. Sociobiology is a field of scientific study which is based on the assumption that social behavior has resulted from evolution and attempts to explain and examine social behavior within that context.Often considered a branch of biology and sociology, it also draws from ethology, anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, population genetics, and other disciplines. Within the study of human societies, sociobiology is very closely allied to the fields of Darwinian anthropology, human behavioral ecology and evolutionary psychology. Sociobiology investigates social behaviors, such as mating patterns, territorial fights, pack hunting, and the hive society of social insects.It argues that just as selection pressure led to animals evolving useful ways of interacting with the natural environment, it led to the genetic evolution of advantageous social behavior. The Human Animal: A Personal View of the Human Species is a BBC nature docu mentary series written and presented by Desmond Morris. Morris describes it as â€Å"A study of human behavior from a zoological perspective. † He travels the world, filming the diverse customs and habits of various regions while suggesting common roots. Stephanie Coontz studies the history of American families, marriage, and changes in gender roles.Her book The Way We Never Were argues against several common myths about families of the past, including the idea that the 1950s family was traditional or the notion that families used to rely solely on their own resources. Granville Stanley Hall was a pioneering American psychologist and educator. His interests focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory. Hall's major books were Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime and Religion (1904) and Aspects of Child Life and Education (1921).His book Adolescence, was based on the results of the Child Study Movement. Ha ll described his system of psychology, which he called â€Å"genetic psychology. † His ideas were influenced by Charles Darwin. In the book, Hall described the evolutionary benefits of development from the womb to adolescence. The book itself is divided into six sections: biological and anthropological standpoint, medical standpoint, health and its tests, nubility of educated women, fecundity of educated women and education. Hall hoped that this book would become a guide for teachers and social workers in the education system.He was instrumental in the development of educational psychology, and attempted to determine the effect adolescence has on education. Hall believed that the pre-adolescent child develops to its best when it is not forced to follow constraints, but rather to go through the stages of evolution freely. He believed that before a child turned six or seven, the child should be able to experience how one lived in the simian stage. In this stage, the child would be able to express his animal spirits. The child is growing rapidly at this stage and the energy levels are high.The child is unable to use reasoning, show sensitiveness towards religion, or social discernment. By age eight, the child should be at stage two. This, Hall believed, is the stage where formal learning should begin. This is when the brain is at full size and weight. It is considered normal to be cruel and rude to others at this stage for the reasoning skills are still not developed. The child should not have to deal with moralizing conflicts or ideas, his is not yet ready at this stage. The child's physical health is most important now. In the stage of the dolescent, the child now has a rebirth into a sexed life. Hall argued that at this point, there should no longer be coeducation. Both sexes can't optimally learn and get everything out of the lessons in the presence the opposite sex. And, this is when true education can begin. The child is ready to deal with moral issu es, kindness, love, and service for others. Reasoning powers are beginning, but are still not strong. Hall argued that the high school should be a place similar to a â€Å"people's college† so that it could be more of an ending for those who would not be continuing their education to the next level.Coming of Age in Samoa is a book by American anthropologist Margaret Mead based upon her research and study of youth on the island of Ta'u in the Samoa Islands which primarily focused on adolescent girls. Mead was 23 years old when she carried out her field work in Samoa. First published in 1928, the book launched Mead as a pioneering researcher and the most famous anthropologist in the world. Since its first publication, Coming of Age in Samoa was the most widely read book in the field of anthropology, until Napoleon Chagnon's â€Å"Yanomamo: The Fierce People† took the lead in sales.The book has sparked years of ongoing and intense debate and controversy on questions perta ining to society, culture and science. It is a key text in the nature vs. nurture debate as well as issues relating to family, adolescence, gender, social norms and attitudes. Courtesy, modesty, good manners, conformity to definite ethical standards are universal, but what constitutes courtesy, modesty, very good manners, and definite ethical standards is not universal. It is instructive to know that standards differ in the most unexpected ways.Mead's findings suggested that the community ignores both boys and girls until they are about 15 or 16. Before then, children have no social standing within the community. Mead also found that marriage is regarded as a social and economic arrangement where wealth, rank, and job skills of the husband and wife are taken into consideration. Erik Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. Erikson was a Neo-Freudian. He has been described as an à ¢â‚¬Å"ego psychologist† studying the stages of development, spanning the entire ifespan. Each of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is marked by a conflict for which successful resolution will result in a favourable outcome, and by an important event that this conflict resolves itself around. The Erikson life-stage virtues, in order of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are: Basic trust vs. basic mistrust – This stage covers the period of infancy. 0-1 year of age. – Whether or not the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It is multi-faceted and has strong social components.It depends on the quality of the maternal relationship. The mother carries out and reflects their inner perceptions of trustworthiness, a sense of personal meaning, etc. on the child. If successful in this, the baby develops a sense of trust, which â€Å"forms the basis in the child for a sense of identityâ€Å". Autonomy vs. Sh ame – Covers early childhood – Introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage the child is trying to master toilet training. Purpose – Initiative vs. Guilt – Preschool / 3–6 years – Does the child have the ability to or do things on their own, such as dress him or herself?If â€Å"guilty† about making his or her own choices, the child will not function well. Erikson has a positive outlook on this stage, saying that most guilt is quickly compensated by a sense of accomplishment. Competence – Industry vs. Inferiority – School-age / 6-11. Child comparing self-worth to others (such as in a classroom environment). Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior. Fidelity – Identity vs.Role Confusion – Adolescent / 12 years till 20. Questioning of sel f. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? Erikson believes, that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will conclude their own identity. However, if the parents continually push him/her to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. Intimacy vs. isolation – This is the first stage of adult development. This development usually happens during young adulthood, which is between the ages of 20 to 24. Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important during the stage in their life.By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to experience love and intimacy. Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel isolated and alone. Generativity vs. stagnation is the second stage of adulthood and happens between the ages of 25-64. During this time people are normally settled in their life and know what is important to them. A person is either making progress in their career or treading lightly in their career and unsure if this is what they want to do for the rest of their working lives.Also during this time, a person is enjoying raising their children and participating in activities, that gives them a sense of purpose. If a person is not comfortable with the way their life is progressing, they're usually regretful about the decisions and feel a sense of uselessness. Ego integrity vs. despair. This stage affects the age group of 65 and on. During this time you have reached the last chapter in your life and retirement is approaching or has already taken place. Many people, who have achieved what was important to them, look back on their lives and feel great accomplishment and a sense of integrity.Conversely, those who had a difficult time during middle adulthood may look back and feel a sense of despair. Thomas Hine- The Rise and Fall of the American Teenager. A history of the American adolescent experience, and why it must change. Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of t he eye by which an afterimage is thought to persist for approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on the retina. The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the device.The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector but introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video, by creating the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter. The Lumieres held their first private screening of projected motion pictures in 1895. Their first public screening of films at which admission was charged was held on December 28, 1895, at Salon Indien du Grand Cafe in Paris.This history-making presentation featured ten short films, including their first film, Sortie des Usines Lumiere a Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lum iere Factory). Each film is 17 meters long, which, when hand cranked through a projector, runs approximately 50 seconds. The Nickelodeon was the first type of indoor exhibition space dedicated to showing projected motion pictures. Usually set up in converted storefronts, these small, simple theaters charged five cents for admission and flourished from about 1905 to 1915. A movie palace is a erm used to refer to the large, elaborately decorated movie theaters built between the 1910s and the 1940s. The late 1920s saw the peak of the movie palace, with hundreds opened every year between 1925 and 1930. There are three building types in particular which can be subsumed under the label movie palace. First, the classical style movie palace, with its eclectic and luxurious period-revival architecture; second, the atmospheric theatre which has an auditorium ceiling that resembles an open sky as its defining feature and finally, the Art Deco theaters that became popular in the 1930s.